[8] Natalie Hopskinson “Farewell, Chocolate City”, New York Times, June 3, 2012; Maura Dolan, “San Francisco’s Black Population Dwindling”, The Seattle Times, May 11, 2015, http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/san-franciscos-black-population-dwindling/; Nadre Nittle, “Will San Francisco’s Black Population Vanish as City’s Wealth Rises?”, Atlanta Black Star, October 13, 2015, http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/10/13/will-san-franciscos-black-population-vanish-citys-wealth-rises/; Jaithe Har, “San Francisco’s Housing Shortage Threatens African Americans”, Seattle Times, December 28, 2015, http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/san-franciscos-housing-shortage-threatens-african-americans; Thomas Fuller, “The Loneliness of Being Black in San Francisco”, New York Times, July 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/black-exodus-from-san-francisco.html; Sam Roberts, “White Population Rises in Manhattan”, New York Times, July 4, 2010. https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/white-population-rises-in-manhattan/; Sam Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem in in Transition”, New York Times, January 5, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/nyregion/06harlem.html; Tyrone Beason, “Seattle’s Vanishing Black Community”, Seattle Times, Pacific NW Magazine, May 26, 2016, https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/seattles-vanishing-black-community/; Gene Balk, “Historically Black Central District Could Be Less Than 10% Black In a Decade”, Seattle Times, May 25, 2015, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/historically-black-central-district-could-be-less-than-10-black-in-a-decade/; Andrew Theen, “Portland Area Attracting New and Diverse Residents as Black Population Dwindles”, Oregonian, March 8, 2017, http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/03/post_585.html; See also Balk, “As Seattle Gets Richer, the City’s Black Households Get Poorer”.
[9] For example the NYPD stop and frisk policy- Beginning at least 15 years ago, NYPD terrorized mostly Blacks (54-57%), where the black population was continuously decreasing. “Stop and Frisk Data”, New York Civil Liberties Union, https://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data; Roberts, “White Population Rises in Manhattan”; Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem in in Transition”.
[10] For example in January 2016, a home in lower Santa Monica is worth an average of $1.6 million while in North Inglewood the average home is $349,000. Realty.com, “Inglewood, Inglewood CA Housing, Market, Schools and Neighborhoods”.
[11] Sam Frizell, “The New American Dream Is Living In A City, Not Owning A House In The Suburbs”, Time, April 25, 2014, http://time.com/72281/american-housing/.
[12] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[13] See Steven Rosenfeld, “Is Gentrification Fueling Police Brutality in San Francisco?”, Alternet, May 15, 2015, http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/gentrification-fueling-police-brutality-san-francisco.
[14] Renzulli, “10 Most Expensive Cities To Be A Renter”; Burrows, “Most Expensive Cities in the United States to Live 2017”; Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”; Chris Kirkham, “California’s High Housing Costs Drive Out Poor and Middle Income Workers”, Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2015.
[15] According to Time.com, San Francisco ($3,590 per month medium cost), Oakland ($2280 per month medium cost), San Jose ($2,270 per month medium cost), Washington D.C. ($2,200 per month medium cost), Los Angeles ($1970 per month medium cost) and Seattle ($1750 per month medium cost) top the 10 most expensive cities in the country to rent a one-bedroom apartment. Renzulli, “10 Most Expensive Cities To Be A Renter”. However other reports have placed rents even higher. For example in July 2015 New York City average rents reached $4,081 a month. Jana Kasperkevic, “Too Damn High- Manhattan’s Average Apartment Prices Reach Record of $1.87 Million”, The Guardian, US Edition, July 1, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/01/manhattan-new-york-apartment-rent-prices-record-high.; Cf. United States, Census Bureau, US Census Quickfacts, Selected For San Francisco County, Alameda County and Los Angeles County, Population Estimates July 1, 2016, Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, last accessed September 28, 2017, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescountycalifornia,alamedacountycalifornia,sanfranciscocountycalifornia/PST045216 (Medium Gross Rent 2011-2015 for San Francisco County is $1,558 per month, for Alameda County is $1,367 per month and for Los Angeles County is $1,234 per month).
[16] Renzulli, “10 Most Expensive Cities To Be A Renter”; Cf. US Census Bureau, US Census Quickfacts, Selected For San Francisco County, Alameda County and Los Angeles County, Population Estimates July 1, 2016.
[17] Renzulli, “10 Most Expensive Cities To Be A Renter”; Cf. US Census Bureau, US Census Quickfacts, Selected For San Francisco County, Alameda County and Los Angeles County, Population Estimates July 1, 2016.
[18] Renzulli, “10 Most Expensive Cities To Be A Renter”.
[19] Burrows, “Most Expensive Cities in the United States to Live 2017”. According to Kiplinger, in 2017 the most expensive cities to live in the United States were as follows: 1. Manhattan, NY with a medium home value of $848,700, 2. Sunnyvale, CA with an medium home value of $790,300, 3. Honolulu, HW with a medium home value of $800,000, 4. San Francisco, CA with a medium home value of $799,600, 5. Brooklyn, NY with a medium home value of $570,200, 6. Washington DC with a medium home value of $475,800 7. Oakland, CA with a medium home value of $458,500, 8. Boston, MA 9. Stamford, Conn 10. Seattle, WA with a medium home value of $452,800. Ibid. Another article ranks the order slightly differently but the same cities top the list at: 1. New York, NY 2. San Francisco, CA 3. Honolulu, HW 4. Boston MA 5. Washington DC 6. Oakland, CA 7. San Jose, CA 8. San Diego, CA 9. Los Angeles, CA 10. Miami, FL. Lisa Goetz, “Top 10 Most Expensive Cities in the United States”, Investopedia.com, June 13, 2017, http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/080916/top-10-most-expensive-cities-us.asp.
[20] Burrows, “Most Expensive Cities in the United States to Live 2017”.
[21] Coldwell Banker Real Estate, “Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report, the Most Expensive and Most Affordable Markets in the United States”, September 8, 2016, http://www.multivu.com/players/English/7909851-2016-coldwell-banker-real-estate-home-listing-report/. The 2016 top 10 most expensive housing markets are as follows: 1. Saratoga, CA $2,453,718 2. Newport Beach, CA $2,130,338 3. Cupertino, CA $1,812,833 4. Redwood City, CA $1,807,068 5. Arcadia, CA $1,748,680 6. Carmel, CA $1,722,500 7. San Francisco, CA $1,672,100 8. La Canada Flintridge, CA $1,571,846 9. Sunnyvale, CA $1,566,616 10. Los Gatos, CA $1,470,524 Ibid
21 The 2016 top 10 most expensive housing markets are as follows: 1. Saratoga, CA $2,453,718 2. Newport Beach, CA $2,130,338 3. Cupertino, CA $1,812,833 4. Redwood City, CA $1,807,068 5. Arcadia, CA $1,748,680 6. Carmel, CA $1,722,500 7. San Francisco, CA $1,672,100 8. La Canada Flintridge, CA $1,571,846 9. Sunnyvale, CA $1,566,616 10. Los Gatos, CA $1,470,524 Coldwell Banker Real Estate, “Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report”.
[23] Jana Kasperkevic, “Too Damn High- Manhattan’s Average Apartment Prices Reach Record of $1.87 Million”, The Guardian, US Edition; Josh Barbanel, “New York City Housing Prices Set Record”, WSJ, December 27, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-housing-prices-set-record-1451268454.
[24] Coldwell Banker Real Estate, “Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report”.
[25] Coldwell Banker Real Estate, “Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report”.
[26] Julie Zeveloff, “The 20 Most Expensive Housing Markets In America 2014”, Business Times, November 12, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-housing-markets-in-america-2015-11/#2-palo-alto-california-24. The Coldwell Banker Home Listing report for 2015 listed the top 11 most expensive housing markets as follows, with the average four bedroom two bath costing: 1. Newport Beach, CA $2.29 million 2. Palo Alto, CA $2.06 million 3. Saratoga, CA $1.98 million 4. Cupertino, CA $1.66 million 5. Los Gatos, CA $1.57 million 6. Arcadia, CA $1.54 million 7. San Mateo, CA $1.46 million 8. Sunnyvale, CA $1.45 million 9. Orono, MN $1.38 million 10. Redwood City, CA $1.36 million 11. San Francisco $1.36 million. Ibid.
[27] For example in January 2016, a home in lower Santa Monica is worth an average of $1.6 million while in North Inglewood the average home is $349,000. Realty.com, “Inglewood, Inglewood CA Housing, Market, Schools and Neighborhoods”.
[28] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[29] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[30] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[31] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[32] Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”.
[33] Chris Kirkham, “California’s High Housing Costs Drive Out Poor and Middle Income Workers”.
[34] “Stop and Frisk Data”, New York Civil Liberties Union.
[35] Mike Bostock and Ford Fersseden, “Stop and Frisk Is All But Gone From New York”, New York Times, September 19, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/19/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-is-all-but-gone-from-new-york.html.
[36] Bostock and Fersseden, “Stop and Frisk Is All But Gone From New York”.
[37] “Stop and Frisk Data”, New York Civil Liberties Union.
[38] “Stop and Frisk Data”, New York Civil Liberties Union.
[39] “Stop and Frisk Data”, New York Civil Liberties Union.
[40] Roberts, “White Population Rises in Manhattan”; Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem in in Transition.
[41] See Copwatchers documentary.
[42] See e.g., Rosenfeld, “Is Gentrification Fueling Police Brutality in San Francisco?”; Maura Dolan, “San Francisco Police Scandal Focuses Attention On Dwindling Number of Blacks”, Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2015. http://www.latimes.com/crime.
[43] Governing, “Police Officer Fatality Rates By State,” http://www.governing.com/gov-data/law-enforcement-fatality-rates-by-state.html.
Essays on Modern Jim Crow and Black Relocation From the Urban Cores; Inglewood, CA is Great with Blacks 