Essays on Modern Jim Crow and Black Relocation From the Urban Cores; Inglewood, CA is Great with Blacks

The Daniel Freeman Hospital site is now a housing development called Grace Park, resulting in one less potential space for valuable beds to fight Covid-19.

Daniel Freeman Hospital used to operate in Inglewood, California on the corner of Grace and Prairie.  Sadly, as time passed the hospital was shut down to a variety of reasons.  Like so many black areas, the local hospital faced hard times after white flight and became a symbol of the many inequities in medical care for black communities.

Nonetheless, it served many blacks including those who live in North Inglewood’s senior living areas, such as the areas near Hillcrest, Manchester and La Brea. Quietly nestled in the neighborhood are numerous senior living housing developments.  Today, many of the black residents in the general area are seniors.

After the hospital was closed, the lot remained vacant and abandoned with the occasional movie shoot.  However it still remained a physical space which could have been converted into hospital accommodations if needed.

Now it has become a housing development for the new urbanites as part of the ever-encroaching black relocation/urban change in our cities—here, the new Inglewood landscape centered around the NFL and NBA stadiums in construction and the opening soon metro stops.[i]   Built by Harridge Development Group, it’s called “Grace Park”.  It consists of 228 detached condos and is “expected to appeal to Los Angeles County’s highly educated tech workers; Google, Facebook, Snapchat and Uber a are among the many tech-oriented companies nearby.“[ii]  Nearly completed, this project wiped out space for thousands of possible beds.

The only remaining hospitals in Inglewood are Centinela Hospital Medical Center and Medico.  I have been in the ER at Centinela Hospital Medical Center and it is already filled.  The rooms were all occupied. I received my treatment from a bed placed inside the hallway.

The elderly are most at risk for infection and death from the coronavirus 19. The Chinese Centre for Disease Control (CCDC) released the largest study which found that the highest fatality rate of 14.8% was in seniors aged 80 and over.[iii]  Most deaths were in individuals aged 60 and over.   The need for beds for this population is paramount.   For example, news articles regarding China reported people complaining that their elderly parents died while traveling between hospitals looking for available beds.[iv]    Thus it appears that seniors are at great risk of death if they cannot receive treatment in time.   Because seniors are the highest-risk population who need to receive immediate medical care, the seniors living in Inglewood are also going to need access to available beds as soon as necessary.   Daniel Friedman Hospital used to serve this population; it’s now a housing development.

Inglewood is going to need many more beds.  According to the US census and American Community Surveys, Inglewood has 11.7% of peoples aged over 65.[v]  With an estimated population of 109,419 Inglewood would need approximately 12,036 beds at least.[vi]  Other data which could provide general guidance to the estimate of how many beds may be needed include Medicare/Medical data and other community data.  Inglewood will need to coordinate with local hospitals in other cities to deal with the overflow if necessary.  Other high-risk populations will also need to be accounted for.  Of course, bed space needs to be planned for non-seniors, etc.  However, seniors are a group that will more than likely account for the initial spike in cases in Inglewood, which could trigger health and logistic issues/emergency.    Of course there is a lot of work to make this happen, but starting with target numbers with known high risk populations is a good place to start.

Compounding this problem is the unequal distribution of protective supplies.  Within 2 days of San Francisco’s declaration of emergency, ALL of the face masks were sold out at every major commercial distributor online in California.[vii]   Meanwhile idiot and self-obsessed celebrities and others wasted hoarded masks with selfies.  The greedy, stupid, vain, mean, and rich bought all the supplies leaving everyone else to hope that the government is right about not needing masks even though the rest of the world wears them. It doesn’t matter as we can’t get them.  Many seniors live on Social Security and could not begin to financially compete with techies and celebrities for masks. Many Inglewood residents would need help to buy masks as well or any other protective equipment.  Regardless of whether the CDC requires masks, the issue of greed and inequity in accessing this and other equipment/medicines exists and will prevent many who truly need it from receiving it.  Without intervention, all of the supplies will be sold out again as the virus spreads.

Medical and government suppliers will be crucial for adjusting the inequities resulting from commercial acquisition of supplies by citizens.  I hope extra precautions will be available to seniors at hospitals and pharmacies in adequate number.   Many people’s parents, including mine, are in their 80s and need all the extra protection they can get before they catch the coronavirus 19.

Sufficient funding must be available from the government for available beds, medicines, treatment, follow-up, etc.  As it is the last day of Black History Month, maybe we should have asked the white house for some money as, according to two online articles, Trump apparently loves black people this month[viii]….Jokes… But seriously, black areas across the country are underfunded and underprovided for regarding medical care and hospitals.  Policy backed by money is needed to ensure we receive all necessary treatment in equal amounts and concern.

Proper information identifying active hospitals in Black areas is vital!!! Most disturbing is the lack of accurate information available if a person needed to find a hospital in an emergency.  Searching for Daniel Freeman Hospital, I found numerous cites providing inaccurate information on Bing regarding Daniel Freeman Hospital’s existence.  The number, (310) 674-7050, does not work!!!!  Recent posts from online job review board “Indeed” from former employees give the appearance that it is a working hospital.[ix]  In addition, another cite, “Healthgrades”, lists Daniel Freeman as operating and receiving awards.[x]  “Wikipedia” is also inaccurate.  I also found incorrect information regarding general hospital listings in Inglewood such as the cite Healthgrades.[xi]  It is almost impossible to find an accurate, definitive list identifying the local hospitals.  A list identifying the local hospitals should be on the City of Inglewood’s website.  This is unacceptable!! The risk of people going and loosing critical time is too great and likely to happen.  Blacks must be able to get accurate local hospital information.  To those on the Affordable Care Act plans, Medicaid, Medical, HMOs and PPOs I suggest first looking at your provider’s books or website for information regarding the nearest hospital or treatment location at this time.

The bottom line is there is a lot of new construction for the new urbanites and not enough hospitals for the current Black and Hispanic residents in Inglewood, CA. One such project, “Grace Park” may cost lives.  Hopefully we can fix this.

[i]Jenna Chandler, “Builder buys 18 acres Near Rams stadium announces plan for 228 homes” Curbed Los Angeles, May 10, 2017, https://la.curbed.com/2017/5/10/15610422/grace-park-new-homes-development-rams-stadium https://la.curbed.com/2017/5/10/15610422/grace-park-new-homes-development-rams-stadium; Ingrid Jones, “The Hoffman Company Brokers Deal on 18-Acre, 310 Unit Urban Infill Community Near New NFL Stadium Complex in Inglewood”, Patch, May 11, 2017, https://patch.com/california/culvercity/hoffman-company-brokers-deal-18-acre-310-unit-urban-infill-community-near-new.

[ii] Ibid.

[iii] “Coronavirus: Largest study suggest elderly and sick are most at risk” BBC.com, February 18, 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51540981.

[iv] Joyce Liu and Grace Tsoi, “Coronavirus Wuhan diary: “he got a hospital bed three hours before he died”, BBC.co, February 14, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51440129.

[v] QuickFacts: Inglewood, CA, US Census, February 29, 2020, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/inglewoodcitycalifornia/PST045218

[vi] Ibid.  This 12,036 estimate is a good place to start because it allows for extra beds due to some seniors not needing them for various reasons, i.e., not sick or have/prefer a different hospital, while having enough beds for those who do.

[vii] See Avery Hartmans and Katie Canales, “San Francisco’s Mayor Has Declared a State of Emergency As Coronavirus Continues to Spread”, Business Insider, February 25, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/san-francisco-state-of-emergency-coronavirus-covid19-outbreak-2020-2.  By Feb. 27 afternoon, everywhere was sold out where I looked.

[viii] See articles about Trump’s Black History Month Event or Paris Dennard or DeRoy Murdock. Jokes people, jokes.

[ix] https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Daniel-Freeman-Hospital/reviews?fcountry=US&floc=Inglewood%2C+CA.

[x] https://www.healthgrades.com/hospital-directory/california-ca-los-angeles/daniel-freeman-memorial-hospital-hgst2637966e050729.

[xi] Heathgrades, Hospitals near Inglewood, CA, last accessed February 29, 2020, https://www.healthgrades.com/usearch?where=Inglewood%2C%20CA&pt=33.961781%2C-118.356216&distances=10&sort.facility=bestmatch&category=facility&=.

Above is the transcript of the Democratic Party Presidential Debate in November 2019 regarding affordable housing. There are so many problems with the Democratic Party’s approach to this very import and ignored topic that affect potentially millions of Americans of all economic backgrounds. The problem is worst in Democratic Party strongholds, i.e., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Seattle, Portland, the entire California coastline, Washington D.C, New York, Boston, and Minneapolis.[i] Only one questions was posed to the candidates and only 3 candidates were allowed to respond. Clearly its not an important issue to the Democratic Party leadership.

The Black communities have been and are currently being targeted and relocated. Every city listed above has also relocated most of its Black populations including some of the most culturally important and sacred neighborhoods such Harlem, the Central District in Seattle, the Fillmore District in San Francisco, Oakland, Adams Historical district in Los Angeles, Washington D.C., and soon in Los Angeles the areas of Inglewood, Crenshaw, and what few remaining of metro Los Angeles that are left with any affordable housing. The general approach is not acceptable for our communities and will not help us. In addition the homeless effect on our population is extreme and disproportionate to our population numbers. Blacks comprise of approximately 38% of the homeless population in Los Angeles County yet are no more than 11% of the population. [ii] Adult Black persons in homelessness increased +11% last year. [iii] The 2019 Greater Los Angeles Homeless County reports a 16% increase in Los Angeles City. [iv] However, the number quoted of 16% increase in the homeless population in Los Angeles is misleading in that the number is higher in most of the central districts (CDs). The 16% number is an average of the CDs with most CDs reporting increases up to 20+%. Homeless people and those in transition are less likely to vote. The effect is mass and unreported disenfranchisement based on economics and race. Further Black relocation from a condensed urban core to a widespread multi-county population guarantees a reduction in Black voting power, especially at the local and state levels. (see posts)

Sen. Warren’s answer is ridiculous, is a perfect example of the answer given by whites who benefit from the housing markets and claim they like Blacks, and is full of material omissions meant for people to rely upon, and upon which people do rely upon, and these omissions result in damages to Black communities who are facing relocation and exploitation. These are Sen. Warren’s initial responses, making them a good measure of how she really feels and her ideas on the topic. They are not going to help us or the middle class. Sen. Booker’s and Steyer’s answers were adequate but not complete by themselves. Steyer correctly framed the issue in part- the need to open up communities that have resisted new housing units and the need to provide “federal dollars to make sure the units are affordable so that working people can live in places and not pay 50% of their income on rent.” The accepted racist and misguided approach is trying to make Black neighborhoods provide the affordable housing units (either by overwhelming amounts of people taking advantage of the intentionally depressed housing market or by policy requiring affordable housing units be built along high transit lines which happen to be predominantly in Black neighborhoods and lets the actual offending peoples to keep their ill gained housing property values and be exempt from any requirements to provide affordable housing units). Please see my prior posts. However, he neglects to address the need for people to be able to buy into these cities and realize the dream of home ownership with a yard, and the significant racial component. Booker also provided a good answer, but I am advocating against the use of the word “gentrification”. (post link). People do not become aristocracy just for taking advantage of an area’s economic woes and relocating the population. It is such a pathetic, self-promoting, racist word that the offenders picked for themselves. Blacks should never help them with that characterization. However, Sen. Booker was the only candidate who addressed not only the racial issues but also the resulting relocation. Sen. Booker’s suggestion of subsidizing renters is right on for renters. I would like to see more ideas regarding ensuring people can still buy into these areas with affordable housing issues and ways to increase Black and/or middle class homeownership which is not going to happen with the state of the housing market in our communities and others. All candidates need to address the desire and dream of single-family-dwelling ownership in these cities that was a such a large part of America’s economic expansion after WWII for whites. As of now, all answers will allow for the unfair result of those who drove up the costs being able to keep their homes and curtilage while everyone else is piled on top each other in mass housing units of apartments, condos or projects.
Below I address in detail Sen. Warren’s arguments:
WARREN: Yes. Think of it this way. Our housing problem in America is a problem on the supply side, and that means that the federal government stopped building new housing a long time ago, affordable housing.
• Warren completely blames the federal government and developers (see next line) which is an untruth. The role of people flooding into the urban cores or the coastal communities who then drive up the rents and housing costs, which always results in mass displacement, increased general homelessness and economic shut-out, cannot be ignored. The racial implications for Blacks are immense and this pattern has only fueled white supremacy under the guise of secret racism. Please see my earlier posts.
WARREN: Also, private developers, they’ve gone up to McMansions. They’re not building the little two bedroom, one bath house that I grew up in, garage converted to be a bedroom for my three brothers.
• Again Warren blames everyone but herself, her neighbors and other like them who just happen to benefit in the millions from this housing market crises. In my personal observations, its individuals who buy small lots for too little and then build these monstrosities called McMansions which completely destroy the character of the area. The big developers build units of hundreds. Together they push people out.
• This is just blatant pandering that, as a Black who grew in standard 2-story, 4 bedroom, 2.5 baths with a pool, I don’t relate to. Its funny in the context of her expensive house that even white people she grew up with couldn’t live there.
WARREN: So I’ve got a plan for 3.2 million new housing units in America. Those are housing units for working families, for the working poor, for seniors who want to age in place, for people with disabilities, for people who are coming back from being incarcerated. It’s about tenant’s rights.
• One would expect help for the middle class but apparently not. Sen. Warren names every marginalized group besides the middle class, working individuals without families, students and the upper middle class to name a few. The middle class are neglected in these discussions. The extreme housing costs requires a plan that includes assistance for those who have jobs, decent income, etc., and not just for the poor or working poor.
• Sen. Warren completely misrepresents the scope of the issue. Affordable housing is not a poverty issue or a marginalized group issue. Middle class and upper middle-class people cannot afford to buy property in numerous major metropolitan cities. Most people in this country cannot afford to buy into Sen. Warren’s neighborhood in Cambridge, MA. Most people cannot afford million-dollar home price tags. This economic shut out is in effect in many cities. In addition, people may want more than a small dwelling or a condo. A front-yard or backyard should not be only for millionaires. Both Black and White Americans have been displaced and shut out of all future purchases in these areas (unless there is an economic downturn in the housing market). Many have had to leave states like California for work and housing. Her omissions combined with her own $2.5 million dollar gain in her private housing property values in Cambridge, MA due to replacement and exploitation of property values, strongly suggest she has an interest in keeping the true scope of the housing problem a secret and does not plan on addressing the real housing problem in the country that is affecting Americans of all the economic backgrounds, especially the middle class and upper middle class. Although she grew up poor, now she doesn’t see too many poor people. Living in Cambridge, she has benefited in the millions from poor and middle-class whites being pushed out of the housing market. Neither her husbands’ nor her students can live in her neighborhood. “Mann and Warren have also gotten richer just by living in Cambridge, home of Harvard and one of the hottest real estate markets in Massachusetts. They bought their house in 1995 for $447,000. Today, Forbes estimates it’s worth $3 million.”.[v] Even if her she didn’t make as much money as reported she still materially mischaracterizes the problem.
• Sen Warren is basically stating projects are her answer- federal built housing is a project.
• Sen. Warren does not specify where these projects will be built- will they b in the cities where housing is completely out of reach for most people, such as her own home city of Cambridge, or will they actually be in the city limits. As of now, in major cities such as Los Angeles, Boston, Seattle, and New York (Manhattan), there are NO available homes for $200,000.[vi] The cheapest home was sold for $500,000 in San Francisco. These are all Democratic Party strongholds suggesting that “affordable housing” is actually a Democratic Party problem. I can get a very nice home for $200,00 in the south and mid-west.[vii]
WARREN: But there’s one more piece. Housing is how we build wealth in America. The federal government subsided the purchase of housing for decades for white people and has said for black people you are cut out of the deal. That’s was known as red-lining.
• Yes, housing is one way to build wealth in America. However, unless one has millions of dollars to spend on a house, one will not be building wealth near Sen. Warren and others who live in these areas.
• Blacks are facing relocation due to extreme housing costs. Her neighborhood and others like Cambridge is off limits to most Blacks in this country and is a perfect example of how high the prices ALWAYS get. This is how secret racism works- no official “red-lining”; just Black disappearing due financial, social or whatever reasons. According to statistics, Native American can’t live near her either or build their wealth in her neighborhood.

[i] Natalie Hopskinson “Farewell, Chocolate City”, New York Times, June 3, 2012; Maura Dolan, “San Francisco’s Black Population Dwindling”, The Seattle Times, May 11, 2015, http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/san-franciscos-black-population-dwindling/; Nadre Nittle, “Will San Francisco’s Black Population Vanish as City’s Wealth Rises?”, Atlanta Black Star, October 13, 2015, http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/10/13/will-san-franciscos-black-population-vanish-citys-wealth-rises/; Jaithe Har, “San Francisco’s Housing Shortage Threatens African Americans”, Seattle Times, December 28, 2015, http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/san-franciscos-housing-shortage-threatens-african-americans; Thomas Fuller, “The Loneliness of Being Black in San Francisco”, New York Times, July 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/black-exodus-from-san-francisco.html; Sam Roberts, “White Population Rises in Manhattan”, New York Times, July 4, 2010. https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/white-population-rises-in-manhattan/; Sam Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem in in Transition”, New York Times, January 5, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/nyregion/06harlem.html; Tyrone Beason, “Seattle’s Vanishing Black Community”, Seattle Times, Pacific NW Magazine, May 26, 2016, https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/seattles-vanishing-black-community/; Gene Balk, “Historically Black Central District Could Be Less Than 10% Black In a Decade”, Seattle Times, May 25, 2015, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/historically-black-central-district-could-be-less-than-10-black-in-a-decade/; Andrew Theen, “Portland Area Attracting New and Diverse Residents as Black Population Dwindles”, Oregonian, March 8, 2017, http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/03/post_585.html; See also Balk, “As Seattle Gets Richer, the City’s Black Households Get Poorer”.
[ii] Benjamin Oreskes, Doug Smith, “Homelessness jumps 12% in L.A. County and 16% in the city; official ‘stunned'”, Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-homeless-count-encampment-affordable-housing-2019-results-20190604-story.html; 2019 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count- City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Homeless Service Authority, https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=3421-2019-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-city-of-los-angeles.pdf. 38% Black/African American: Prevalence in 18 and over Homeless population (%), +11%: Percent Change 2018-2019, 4716 sheltered, 8913 unsheltered. see also https://www.lahsa.org/news?article=557-2019-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-results&ref=hc
[iii] Ibid.
[iv] Ibid.
[v] Michela, Tindera, “How Elizabeth Warren Built A $12 Million Fortune,” Forbes, August 20, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/michelatindera/2019/08/20/how-elizabeth-warren-built-a-12-million-fortune/#6f29bccbab57
[vi] Frank Olito, “Here’s what $200,00 will get you in real estate in 20 US cities.” Business Insider, https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/realestate/heres-what-dollar200000-will-get-you-in-real-estate-in-20-us-cities/ss-BBYaFtg?ocid=spartanntp#interstitial=3, last accessed December 29, 2019.
[vii] “Here’s what $200,000 will get you in real estate in 20 US cities.”

Blacks should be allowed to state they are citizens of this country on the Census.  The false belief that a Black American would be intimidated by a citizen question is ridiculous and racist.  Black Americans have been citizens of this country for over 150 years.  Black Americans have lived in this country’s borders since before it was a country- meaning prior to 1776.  The first US Census was conducted in 1790.  Blacks were present and counted.  In 1790, the free Black comprised of approximately 7.9% of the Black population.[i]  Black slaves showed a population count of 697,624. In total the combined free and slave Black population consisted of 757,181 persons or 19% of the US population. Thus, there has been a significant total Black population from the Census’ very beginning. The majority of Black Americans come from these populations meaning we have been born in the country, and therefore citizens, since colonial times. In fact, according the Census between 1790 and 1970, most Blacks were native born. [ii]  That fact more than likely remains true today. The Civil War ended over 150 years ago so the entire Black American population from these lines have been citizens since the passage of the 14th Amendment due to natural birth.  Therefore, there is no reason for Black Americans and their families, who have been citizens via natural birth in this country for hundreds of years, to be afraid of a citizenship question.  Indeed, I would guess that Black Americans are happy to be officially called citizens for once in this country’s history.  Given the large numbers of citizens in our population, the result will most likely show that Black Americans have some of the highest rates of citizenship in this country.  For most Black neighborhoods, the US Census (the Census and its companion American Community Survey) is a document that only ratifies every messed-up racist stereotype about Blacks- poverty, lack of education, joblessness, single parent families, never to be assimilated, etc.[iii]  Even Blacks that can fill out the forms are grouped in with the other Blacks, resulting in Census information where everyone is poor who lives in a Black community.  It has caused real problems within the Black community among Blacks.  The Census has never been a document that is fun for Blacks- even today it is a document that does more than just provide a count for House votes, the Electoral College and government funding. The inclusion of the racial category questions, which are purely demographic unless one is still championing the 3/5 rule, negates any arguments to limit the Census’ function as merely a tool for providing numbers for votes and money. Currently the racial laws governing the Census provide for every Hispanic, North African and Middle Eastern to be counted as Whites resulting in a race paradigm where American Blacks are being increasingly racially isolated both here and globally.[iv] Every ten years I read endless articles reporting how poor and crime-filled my neighborhood is.  All statistics on the web regarding demographics, which are not positive, cite to the Census and information reported by the US Census Bureau.  Yet we still fill it out.  It is a document that records our presence. Blacks want to be counted in this country despite that this country has never provided Black Americans with the luxury of making up our racial or economic backgrounds as the “immigrant experience” champions.  It is about time that one question be positive for us.  The citizenship question will allow the Census to be a document that records the demographics of not just slaves, ex-slaves, or poverty stricken peoples but of citizens.[v]

[i] Carter Godwin Woodson and Charles H. Wesley, “The Negro In Our History”, The Associated Publisher, Inc., 12^th edition, 1972, p. 245; US Department of Commerce, “Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970”, Series A 91-104, Population by Sex and Race: 1790 – 1970, fn. 2, Bureau of the Census, 1975.
[ii]US Department of Commerce, “Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970”, See e.g., Series A 105-118: Foreign Born population by sex and race: 1850 to 1970, Bureau of the Census, 1975.
[iii] I am referring to both the Census and American Community Survey. The US Census Bureau produces demographic and numeric data from both the US Census and American Community Survey. The short form is the Census document which asks for name, number of persons living in unit, demographic race information and age. The American Community Survey and other data tables collects long form type information (e.g. employment, migration, educational attainment, veteran status, income, number of children, foreign birth, etc.) The American Community Survey eliminated the need for a decennial census long form in 2010. (https://factfinder.census.gov) Both sets of information are often presented together, i.e. citysearch, realtor.com, US Census Factfinder, and all websites containing demographic information.
[iv]The statement that the Hispanics and MENA are people of color is flat out lie. According the US Census, Middle Easterners and North Africans are categorically “White alone” https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html. On the 2010 Census, the majority of Hispanics (53%) self-reported as “White alone” even though the race laws do not specifically provide for their inclusion in the White race. Hispanic is an ethnicity under the Census- not a race. They choose which race they belong to on the Census. Only 2.5% of Hispanics identified as “Black or African American” racial persons in the 2010 Census. Even less at 1.4% identified as person of the “American Indian or Alaskan Native race”. 36.7% self-reported as “Some other race” which was “Mexican”, “Cuban”, “Puerto Rican” and “Spaniard”- not Black or any color. US Census; see also US Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010, 2010 Census Brief”, Issued March 2011, US Census Bureau, 2011. The only people of color according to the US Census, which defines its racial categories as generally reflecting a social definition of race recognized in this country, are Blacks and Asians. All of the politician know this because are looking the racial demographic data for their own political purposes and every ten years ratify these racist and ridiculous race categories. So when they say “people of color” are afraid of the citizenship question, what they mean is Blacks and Asians are. Blacks are not afraid of that question. This has not been an honest discussion since the 1997 Executive Order allowing Hispanics to pass themselves in the White race. Unfortunately the liberal position has been one of dishonesty and Black manipulation.
[v]The Census’ main concern regarding the American Black race has been one of slave management and later one of providing the necessary “facts” to justify Black exploitation and suppression- both financially and politically. The technical term is “denominator” data for multiple measures such as property values, insurance rates, etc. For example, every Census from 1790 until 1860 classified Blacks as either slave or free. See chart in Woodson and Wesley, supra, https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/overview/1790.html; Historical Statistics of the United States, Series 119-134 and Series 91-104.(In 1790, all racial categories were classifies as free or slave). Another example is the 3/5 compromise of 1787 where Congress determined Black slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person in order to limit Southern voting power. The number that determined a State’s total population for these purposes originated from the Census count- hence the original need to include race at all on the Census short form and the free/slave designations. Since emancipation, the Census has focused on our poverty, ensuring our racial isolation, etc. as I discuss above. As citizens we are free Blacks and should, for once, be counted as just citizens.

During the Democratic Party Primary Debates, I highly doubt Black relocation will be specifically addressed.  They never do.  The areas that are the worst offenders are Democratic states- Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, Washington D.C., New York City. Brooklyn, Bronx, Oakland etc.. However, more than likely, if affordable housing is raised the term “gentrification” will be repeatedly used to describe exploitation of Black communities and Black relocation by the what I call, the new urbanites and New American White Supremacist.  (NAWS).[i] I refuse to use the term in my writings, except for this particular post.  The correct terminology is “relocation”, “exploitation”, and “displacement”.   Blacks should never use the term “gentrification”. Why?  Because it is a self promoting, ridiculous term that whites have given themselves.  Looking at the definition and etymology of the word, it literally means the process of becoming an aristocrat.  Whites and Asians[ii] are not automatically aristocrats just because they moved into a Black neighborhood for cheap.

According to the Marriam-Webster dictionary, gentrification’s definition is: “the process of repairing and rebuilding homes and businesses in a deteriorating area (such as an urban neighborhood) accompanied by an influx of middle-class or affluent people and that often results in the displacement of earlier, usually poorer residents.” Gentrification’s history and etymology is “gentry + -ification”, which comes from Middle English gentrie “high birth or rank, properties ideally characteristic of those of high birth, the wellborn collectively,” borrowed from Anglo-French genterie “high birth,” from gent “of aristocratic birth” + -erie -ery —. Gentry’s definition is “the condition or rank of a gentleman”, “upper or ruling class : aristocracy”, or “a class whose members are entitled to bear a coat of arms though not of noble rank especially : wealthy landowners having such status”.  -fication is a noun combining form.

Not all Black’s homes are in need of fixing in Black neighborhoods.  The definition assumes Black neighborhoods are in disarray.  Middle class and affluent Black people with educations exist in Black neighborhoods.

The belief that one improves one’s class through Black abuse and exploitation is an unfortunate, long standing problem in this country that is passed, since the beginning, to each immigrant group.  The truth is, in American the streets are not paved with gold, but as soon as one gets off the boat, plane, or on foot, one is better than a Negro and thus higher in status than in their own countries.  Then once no longer the lowest class, the economic and social promises are rightfully theirs, and not the Black American who is wasting space even though we built this country since colonialism.  That’s the real promise of America.  Black American have been lied to about this and many other things.

[i] Please see my earlier posts about the New American White Supremacy (NAWS) and its effect on Black relocation. The New American White Supremacy is a post 1950-60s Civil-Rights, modern form of white supremacy that was created in response to the Civil Rights Litigation and resulting progress.  Its purpose is to prevent any of the Civil Rights movement’s goals from happening in real life under the guise of secret racism and social justice.  The idea is to turn back the clock, both socially and professionally- i.e., the work environment.  Unlike the pre-Civil Right Era generation, this NAWS approach embraces dishonesty and race manipulation as its main weapons, coupled with police brutality to do the dirty work for them.  The NAWS approach often uses Asians, MENAs and Hispanics to help them suppress Black Americans. Because it is a multi-ethnic white racial group along with Asians abusing Blacks, the NAWS approach falsely claims they are more diverse and accepting.  Maybe, but not if you are a Black American.  The result is that a Black American will have to fight the whole world. For example, this is true in the legal field and other professional fields where a Black American will face extreme hostility and dishonesty due to the prevailing belief that Black Americans are not entitled to work in these fields. The numbers are often manipulated.  For example the statics regarding women in law merge Black and White women together.  But if one examines the number of Black women, its minuscule.  White women are the ones enjoying the post-feminist revolution. And honestly, as a Black woman attorney, white women and the other female white ethnic groups with female Asians create the group who is most hostile to integration in the legal field.  Older white men are happy to watch them hurt Black women while some of the younger white men will actually help and protect white and female abuse.  In my experience, some white males will be at least willing to hire me as a Black female without attempts to ruin my career.  White women and their friends have attempted to remove me from not only jobs but also the profession itself under false accusations. A job, even if not partner, is better than no job and is definitely better than attempts to remove one from the profession or job under lies about them being emotionally hurt, disrespected or made to be uncomfortable. White women and friends have also refused to serve me under false accusations and even have tried to get me arrested under false accusations and spread false rumors. These events occurred multiple times over many years in both work and private life.   Say anything in your defense where white women and friends are causing problems, and you will be accused. They will also accuse you when you did not do anything at all. This approach is the accepted approach in the Democratic Party states.  However, it is practiced by both parties, especially in the West and North.  The NAWS approach is more successful at eliminating the local Black population than open racism.   Racism is a sliding scale.  To use terms whites like to use, on one end of the spectrum is Nazism which has a zero tolerance policy for Blacks or whatever group- in the US its Blacks.  Subjugation/segregation is actually on the other end.  That approach keeps its Black population but subjugates them.  While neither is good, NAWS and secret racism results in Black populations that are almost non-existent, especially compared to the percentage of the rest of the population.  Again, please read my prior posts showing the Census numbers regarding which states have the highest and lowest Black percentages of their populations.  California and the other Democratic states have lower percentages of the Black population than the South and Midwest.  https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MS,TX,NC,CA/PST045216.  All statistics and definitions are from the US Census website at https:// www.census.gov.  What that means in real life is, in California, one doesn’t see many Black people- especially outside of the few remaining Black neighborhoods which are in the displacement process.  Their tolerance here for Black presence is very, very low.  This refusal to accept a large Black presence is not limited to older generations.  My generation and the younger ones have eagerly and fervently taken up the cause from their parents who taught them how to be a secret racist very well.

[ii] Hispanics and MENAs are all whites according to the census.  Hispanics are self-selecting the “white-alone” racial category.  According the Census, there are no Black or Native Hispanics in the United States.  Apparently they are all 100% Spain Spanish, which is not true.  So, as everyone is either white or Asian in this country, I can say that Whites and Asians….   The Native population is almost non-existent. They were killed so the whole world to this day can say this country is for everyone.  Everyone who comes here, with the exception of Black Americans from the slavery tradition, is another person whose presence ensures the Native American will never get their land back.

The NFL Players’ Kneeling During The National Anthem Is Steeped In American Historical and Political Tradition and Echoes Frederick Douglass’ Famous Reading of “Oration” During a Fourth Of July Meeting In 1852.

“…we do ask, in the name of all that is just and magnanimous among men, to be freed from all the unnatural burdens and impediments with which American customs and American legislation have hindered our progress and improvement. We ask to be disencumbered of the load of popular reproach heaped upon us — for no better cause than that we wear the complexion given us by our God and our Creator.” (Frederick Douglass, J.M. Whitfield, H.O Wagoner, Rev. A. N. Freeman, George B. Vashon; “Claims of our Common Cause: Address of the Colored Convention held in Rochester, July 6-8, 1853, to the People of the United States”; Proceedings of the Colored National Convention Held in Rochester, July 6th, 7th and 8th, 1853.)
“What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim.” (Frederick Douglass; “Oration”; Fourth of July Meeting held in Rochester, July 5, 1852.)[i]

On May 23, 2018 the NFL owners approved a national anthem policy for 2018, voting to censure and suppress rightful first amendment speech by forcing the players to protest in silence and away from the public forum.[ii] Out of sight; out of mind – with the hope that the players’ message will be ignored, forgotten and disappear. The NFL players’ kneeling during the national anthem is steeped in strong historical and political precedence which squarely places their protest within American tradition and patriotism. The players’ addressed modern problems with a modern message on a modern stage. But their actions are completely analogous to Frederick Douglass’ celebrated and famous reading of his discourse “Oration”, addressing the meaning of the Fourth of July to the American Negro, during a 4th of July meeting in 1852. The NFL players’ kneeling and Mr. Douglass’ Oration have the following similarities: (1) context within national celebrations of the American Revolution and its principals; (2) actions of free speech expressing dissent and protest done with respect for the Country; (3) messages protesting “gross injustice and cruelty to which he [American Negro/ Black] is a constant victim” including police brutality, inequalities in laws, education and economic opportunities; and (4) forum of a public stage for the purposes of bringing the message to the greater public in order to foster national discussion and action.

Oration.

Frederick Douglass “ORATION” title page and excerpt, delivered July 5, 1852, Lee, Mann & Co.: Rochester, NY, 1852. Full text[PDF Douglass_Fifth_of_July_Speech(9)]

On July 5, 1852 Frederick Douglass spoke before abolitionists in Rochester, New York at a Fourth of July meeting celebrating the national anniversary.[iii]  His discourse is entitled Oration[iv] and is an unflinching and eloquent protest of American institutional racism and slavery.  His topic is the meaning of the 4^th of July to the American Negro.  He did not take the traditional flag-waving approach when speaking about July 4th.

“Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak here to-day? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that Declaration of Independence, extended to us?”

The answer is NO.

Instead he spoke on the national inconsistencies which allows for American Negros, free or slave, to endure horrific and constant injustices, inequality in laws and in education, cruelty, brutality, scorn, murder, kidnapping, slave trade, disenfranchisement from both the vote and right to bear arms, economic injustices, and suppression of any public discourse of the many wrongs, while the nation celebrates the principles enshrined in the Declaration of Independence including political freedom, pursuit of happiness/prosperity, equality and natural justice.[v]   He refuses to be silent and his refusal to be silent is a crucial part of his protest.  On July 4th and any other day,

“in regard to the ten thousand wrongs of the American slave, you would enforce the strictest silence, and would hail him as an enemy of the nation who dares to make those wrongs the subject of public discourse!”

In Oration, Frederick Douglass explains the reasons why he cannot and will not as an American freeman or speaking for the American slave celebrate July 4^th in silence without exercising his right to free speech as a citizen of the United States regarding the hypocrisy and injustices heaped upon Blacks, even if silence is the customary practice.

“Fellow-citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions!”

If Blacks were treated better, Mr. Douglass would happily celebrate the Fourth with all the joy, revelry and prayer as the whites. However the racial disparity and its resulting pain and injustices prevents his silence on this day, stating

“But such is not the state of the case. I say it with a sad sense of the disparity between us. I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are not enjoyed in common.-The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn.”

In other words, July 4th celebrated rights that belonged only to whites and not to Black Americans who were violently and legally excluded from participating in exercising these very same rights, who were hated by American society, and for most, who were still in slavery. As such, he could not and would not stay silent. Mr. Douglass stated that the time for arguing Blacks’ humanity, entitlement to liberty and citizenship had passed; that the time for debating slavery had passed; and that the time is for action!

Indeed, it is because of these principals of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, that Mr. Douglass needed to speak. The rights and liberties which Blacks and whites fought for against British tyranny required eradication of the injustices heaped upon Blacks to remain effective and real governing principals. The bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy resulting from slavery and American racism was destroying these principals. Thus, he was speaking to protect these American ideals- is that not patriotism?

It is also because of these principles’ messages of equality, political freedom, liberty, pursuit of happiness/prosperity, and natural justice that the injustices committed against Blacks by American customs and legislation are so offensive when compared against each other.

Police Brutality/ The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
The reality forced upon Mr. Douglass by the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made it impossible for him and for all other Blacks in America, free or slave, to pretend even for a day that the great principles of liberty, equality and justice belonged to them, and as such, made it impossible to celebrate the Fourth of July in silence.  The 1850 Fugitive Slave Law criminalized aid to any Black who was accused of being an ex-slave, bribed judges to send Blacks to slavery, and forbade Blacks from speaking in their own defense before the Court.  A Black would be condemned to slavery based only on the testimony of two whites without any right to bring witnesses on his or her behalf.  The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 nationalized and made it a crime not to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 which allowed slave hunters and kidnappers to forcibly bring Blacks to slavery anywhere within the United States and its territories.[vi] Congress passed the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, meaning both the North and the South aligned to destroy free Black existence here using the legal system, its powers and its agents.

“But a still more inhuman, disgraceful, and scandalous state of things remains to be presented. By an act of the American Congress, …, slavery has been nationalized in its most horrible and revolting form. By that act, … the power to hold, hunt, and sell men, women and children, as slaves, remains no longer a mere state institution, but is now an institution of the whole United States. The power is co-extensive with the star-spangled banner, and American Christianity. Where these go, may also go the merciless slave-hunter. … For black men there is neither law nor justice, humanity nor religion. The Fugitive Slave Law makes mercy to them a crime; and bribes the judge who tries them. An American judge gets ten dollars for every victim he consigns to slavery, and five, when he fails to do so. The oath of any two villains is sufficient, … to send the most pious and exemplary black man into the remorseless jaws of slavery! His own testimony is nothing. He can bring no witnesses for himself. … Let it be thundered around the world that in tyrant-killing, king-hating, people-loving, democratic, Christian America the seats of justice are filled with judges who hold their offices under an open and palpable bribe, and are bound, in deciding the case of a man’s liberty, to hear only his accusers! …
“At the very moment that they are thanking God for the enjoyment of civil and religious liberty, and for the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences, they are utterly silent in respect to a law which robs religion of its chief significance and makes it utterly worthless to a world lying in wickedness.”

To enforce the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, the government authorized the police to hunt and capture Blacks, free or ex-slave and conscript them to slavery.  Sadly, Blacks could not even report crimes or seek help from the police.

Everyday people attempted to capture them.[vii]  Mr. Douglass graphically details the horror, the brutality, both emotional and physical, and the economic incentives and gains of the internal slave trade and capture business[viii]. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Law increased the economic gains from the apparatus created by the internal slave trade and business of kidnapping Blacks.  Similarly, today, the thriving prison system business makes others money off the backs of police arrests/brutality and the criminal justice system.

As in 1850, Blacks today endure constant police brutality and live in fear of this brutality and of incarceration.  Almost every day there is another account of a Black being killed by the police or beaten, abused or embarrassed from around the country.  Video continues to capture Black men being murdered and nothing is stopping their deaths.  As in 1850, American legislation and society ratified the police power to hunt, arrest, maim and kill Blacks.  That power today is also “an institution of the United States” and “is co-extensive with the star-spangled banner”. Where the police may go enforcing US law, so does police brutality.   In New York and California, the police are being used to remove Blacks so that the new urbanites can move in without getting their hands dirty.[ix]  (See my post re police brutality and relocation.[x])  This realty, as in 1850, makes it impossible for Blacks today to silently sit and pretend all enjoy equality.  The situation’s gravity cannot be understated. We are tired of dying and facing relocation in an uncaring and hostile country.  Over 160 years later Blacks confront the same issues.
(scroll down for next page button)

A FAIR AND TARGETED SOLUTION TO THE HOUSING CRISES

The FAIR and TARGETED solution is a bill which requires rezoning in areas with the least affordable housing, regardless of proximity to the metro or bus lines, to provide the most amount of new affordable housing units with an exemption for the remaining areas whose property values are currently significantly lower than the most offending neighborhoods.

The premise that Blacks must be relocated in order to provide these new urbanites and everyone else with affordable housing is wrong. The premise that new construction should be concentrated on areas centered around metro stops instead of where the actual affordable housing scarcity currently exists is also very wrong for both Black neighborhoods and as an actual effective solution. The housing bills need to target areas with the true scarcity of affordable housing, where building more affordable housing units would actually significantly mitigate the housing crises. This approach would actually rectify the injustices brought about by this housing market crises by making the areas that caused the problems provide the solutions, and by allowing those displaced to return and those new to settle and enjoy the wonderful neighborhoods- without displacing Black neighborhoods.

If that requires the developers and/or citizens to pay a premium for the land, then so be it. If it requires construction of huge complexes in expensive areas, then fine. This approach actually targets and provides more affordable housing units in the areas that need them without placing most of the pressure on the Black areas, which are the few areas left with any affordable housing units.

A fair and targeted housing bill will require the developers to build a percentage of affordable units for low to middle income or qualified residents without any other conditions or exemptions for the developers and without destroying the remaining Black communities. Planning and Zoning bills should not link affordable housing with displacement of Black and minority communities as riders.

A fair and targeted housing bill will not be based upon “Fair market value exploitation”. “Fair market value exploitation” refers to the practice of buying property in undervalued and under-appraised areas, such the Black areas, for the purpose of exploiting the unjustly low prices under the guise of paying fair market value. Fair market value does not provide fair prices because the Black areas are significantly undervalued compared to the Non-Black areas. Fair market value is a monetary embodiment of the basic racism and inequity which created the extreme disparity in the housing prices between the Black and non-Black areas in the first place. Fair market value is also the legal measure of damages in an eminent domain action.

For more information, please see the Affordable Housing page.

In Los Angeles, CA, along Jefferson Blvd and West Adams,

“Priced out of more expensive areas, especially the Westside where a tech boom is underway, young professionals are scooping up fixer-uppers and newly remodeled homes in neighborhoods they can afford.
In particular, Jefferson Park and West Adams — largely bounded by the 10 Freeway to the north, Exposition Boulevard to the south, La Cienega to the west and Western Avenue to the east — have been attractive given their location halfway between downtown and the Westside.”

Andrew Khouri, “Home Prices Soar Near USC As Flippers And Developers Rush to ‘One of the Best Neighborhoods Left’ For Flippers, Los Angeles Times, September 16, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-jefferson-park-flips-20160831-snap-story.html. However, the article is incorrect regarding why the prices are so affordable for these “young professionals” and why the property is so expensive elsewhere in the metro area.

The reasons for the cheaper prices are Jim Crow, Racism, Greed and Police Brutality.

The tech boom is not why housing is so much cheaper in Black areas.  The tech boom is one of the reasons why young professionals and new urbanites are here seeking to take our property as cheaply as they can. The tech boom represents how these young professionals, new urbanites and millennials happily take advantage of Jim Crow and of the huge disparity in property values between the Black and white sides of town, and then push up the rents and housing costs while displacing Blacks, repeating the same displacement pattern as in San Francisco, Seattle, Portland, New York, Brooklyn, and Washington, D.C.[1]. The tech boom represents how the younger white generation is exactly like the openly-racist whites with regards to Blacks and expectations of Black neighborhoods. Greed and racism created the enormous price disparities between the Westside and Black areas. The Black areas of Los Angeles County were already intentionally left underdeveloped and undervalued compared to the white majority areas of the Westside, Valley and South Bay. These new groups are taking advantage of these racist policies so that they may profit from the depressed prices and future expected profits brought by displacement- aka the “fixer-upper market.” Police brutality enforced these racist land use policies.

“One of the best neighborhoods left.”

This quote does not describe the local people.  It’s describing how cheap the land is and how this Black area is one of the best neighborhoods left in Los Angeles to exploit the low property values for “flippers” by developer David Pourbabg, who is planning a mixed-used complex on Adams Boulevard where he can purchase land for around $80 per square foot, compared with $500 a square foot downtown Los Angeles.[2]. This quote perfectly displays the exploitative attitude toward our neighborhoods.

Flippers and the new urbanite buyers are displacing Blacks and exploiting the depressed property values resulting from Jim Crow in West Adams and Jefferson Park.  The selling prices are double to triple what was paid.  As with the other cities and areas, people seeking to exploit Black neighborhoods are increasing the prices out of reach for most Americans.

The big developers are building right on top of us, while the new urbanites and young professionals are trying to buy our homes for as cheap as possible.

This is another example of how Black communities were left underdeveloped in order to provide cheap housing, and the pressure these new urbanites are placing on Black communities to provide this cheap housing as they displace local Blacks.

When these people drive through our neighborhoods, they only see cheap housing, profit and waste. They envision a completely different landscape- one without Blacks.  Although many claim race neutrality, the disappearing Black populations of New York/Harlem, Brooklyn, Washington D.C., Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles shows a population intent on displacing Blacks while making a profit.[3]. The same pattern of development,  encroachment, and following rising housing/rent costs is not slowing down, but is accelerating.  For the NAWS and urbanites, our disappearing populations is an acceptable benefit for cheap housing. It’s immoral and hypocritical.

This referenced article was written in 2016. Economic exploitation of this Black community has been occurring for the past year, at least.

But for Jim Crow, these homes would not be available at such low prices.  Because these new urbanites are taking advantage of decades of police brutality, urban decay, Jim Crow, discrimination and racism, they hands are just as dirty as the police and open racists. The future expected profits are not being included in our property valuations, thus cheating Blacks out of profits and fair participation in this housing boom.  It’s white supremacy.  These new urbanites, young professionals and white millennials, (whatever one wants to call them) are both the usual republican types and so called liberals and “liberal” groups, and comprise of mostly white: males, females, heterosexuals and homosexuals. For more information see my post on the BRIH Ch. 3: New American White Supremacy (NAWS). See also Demand, Supply and Discrimination: The Intentional Devaluation of Black Communities; BRIH-Ch. 2. Black Relocation Is the Result of the New Urbanites and Developers Increasing Pressure on Black Communities to Provide Cheap Reserve Housing to Supply Their Urban Dream by Combining Increasing Rents/Housing Costs With Police Brutality; BRIH Ch. 1. Intentional Devaluation and False Promises.

The location of these areas did not change. These neighborhoods were and still are close to downtown.  The weather is still the same.  The only difference is the color of the new occupants.

Adams and Jefferson are streets in the Black area of Los Angeles, CA. This pressure is encircling what’s left of the Black communities. The metro green line will bring the young professionals/urbanites into Inglewood and Crenshaw.  Development and the new urbanites are pushing west from downtown, south from mid-Wilshire and Pico, and east from the new Culver City.

Get a Fair Price.

So what do we do? Take steps to prevent our economic exploitation.  Our property is increasingly targeted for exploitation by these young professionals, new urbanites, white millennials, flippers and developers.  How? (1) Refuse to sell for cheap. What will seem like a good offer is actually chump change compared to expected profits.  (2) Become more aware of the governing zoning laws and of housing bills before our Legislature in Sacramento, CA that are only accelerating our relocation under the guise of affordable housing (see Affordable Housing page).  All Black communities should become familiar with their state’s zoning laws and procedure. (3) Ask potential buyers what their plans are for the property- a single family home, a multi-unit dwelling, or mixed-use? More in later posts…

[1] Natalie Hopskinson “Farewell, Chocolate City”, New York Times, June 3, 2012; Maura Dolan, “San Francisco’s Black Population Dwindling”, The Seattle Times, May 11, 2015, http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/san-franciscos-black-population-dwindling/; Nadre Nittle, “Will San Francisco’s Black Population Vanish as City’s Wealth Rises?”, Atlanta Black Star, October 13, 2015, http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/10/13/will-san-franciscos-black-population-vanish-citys-wealth-rises/; Thomas Fuller, “The Loneliness of Being Black in San Francisco”, New York Times, July 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/black-exodus-from-san-francisco.html; Sam Roberts, “White Population Rises in Manhattan”, New York Times, July 4, 2010. https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/white-population-rises-in-manhattan/; Sam Roberts, “No Longer Majority Black, Harlem in in Transition”, New York Times, January 5, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/nyregion/06harlem.html; Tyrone Beason, “Seattle’s Vanishing Black Community”, Seattle Times, Pacific NW Magazine, May 26, 2016, https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/seattles-vanishing-black-community/; Gene Balk, “Historically Black Central District Could Be Less Than 10% Black In a Decade”, Seattle Times, May 25, 2015, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/historically-black-central-district-could-be-less-than-10-black-in-a-decade/; Andrew Theen, “Portland Area Attracting New and Diverse Residents as Black Population Dwindles”, Oregonian, March 8, 2017, http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2017/03/post_585.html;                               
[2] Khouri, “Home Prices Soar…”.
[3] Jed Kolko, “Top 10 Least and Most Expensive Housing Markets for Today’s Middle Class”, Forbes online, May 14, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2014/05/14/top-10-least-and-most-expensive-housing-markets-for-todays-middle-class/#5221ee3f63f6; “Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report, the Most Expensive and Most Affordable Markets in the United States”, Coldwell Banker Real Estate, September 8, 2016, http://www.multivu.com/players/English/7909851-2016-coldwell-banker-real-estate-home-listing-report/; Dan Burrows, “Most Expensive Cities in the United States to Live 2017”, Kiplinger.com, May 2017, http://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/real-estate/T006-S001-most-expensive-u-s-cities-to-live-in-2017/index.html; Josh Barbanel, “New York City Housing Prices Set Record”, WSJ, December 27, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-housing-prices-set-record-1451268454.